Author: Dr. Razia Sultana
Volume: 01
First Online: 28 August 2025
Pages: 45-82
DOI:

Abstract

Chemical Regulators and Gene Action present an integrated overview of chemical messengers and their role in regulating physiological processes at the molecular and cellular levels. The topic covers the general characteristics, chemical structure, and physicochemical properties of hormones, along with a comparative analysis of hormones and enzymes in terms of specificity, mode
of action, and biological significance. Various chemical regulators are discussed, including hormone-like substances such as neurotransmitters, parahormones, and semio-chemicals like pheromones, leumones, and chalones. Emphasis is placed on hormone receptors, mechanisms of hormone action, and intracellular cell signaling pathways. The role of endocrine second messengers, their types and features, and their involvement in gene regulation through hormone-responsive elements are explained. Feedback systems in
hormone action, hormone delivery, and important regulatory substances such as somatomedins, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes are also highlighted. Additionally, analytical techniques for hormone assays—including radioimmunoassay, ELISA, immunohistochemistry—and the principles of hormone replacement therapy are concisely discussed.
Keywords: Hormones, Chemical regulators, Gene action, Hormone receptors, Cell signaling, Second messengers, Feedback mechanisms, Semio-chemicals, Hormone assays, Hormone replacement therapy.