{"id":7748,"date":"2026-02-03T11:32:40","date_gmt":"2026-02-03T11:32:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/?p=7748"},"modified":"2026-02-03T11:36:15","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T11:36:15","slug":"chapter-4-endocrine-system-and-physiology-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/2026\/02\/03\/chapter-4-endocrine-system-and-physiology-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 4:  Endocrine System and Physiology II"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-font-size:16px;\"><p><strong>Author: <\/strong>Ms. Kshipra Xaxa<br \/>\n<strong>Volume: <\/strong>01<br \/>\n<strong>First Online: <\/strong>28 August 2025<br \/>\n<strong>Pages: <\/strong>126-154<br \/>\n<strong>DOI:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color8);--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Roboto&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Abstract<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"align-self: flex-start;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:8%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom_color_1);border-color:var(--awb-custom_color_1);border-top-width:3px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-font-size:16px;--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Roboto&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:400;\"><p>Endocrine System and Physiology II explain the hormonal regulation of metabolism, reproduction, and digestion with emphasis on integrated endocrine control. The topic begins with the endocrine pancreas, describing its origin, islet cell structure, cell types, and hormones. Insulin biochemistry, synthesis, mechanism of action, and physiological role in glucose homeostasis are discussed, along with glucose transporters in mammals, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance. Hormones of the gonads are examined in detail, including gonadal steroid hormones, their biosynthesis, transport, metabolism, and physiological effects. The role of hormones in the ovarian cycle, menopause, birth control, and sex determination highlights reproductive endocrinology. The topic also covers hormones of the gastrointestinal tract, focusing on the actions of gastrointestinal peptides and hormonal control of feeding behavior. Additionally, the influence of hormones on lifestyle disorders such as chronic stress, hypertension, and obesity is emphasized, providing insight into the endocrine basis of metabolic and lifestyle-related diseases.<br \/>\n<strong>Keywords:<\/strong> Endocrine pancreas, Insulin, Diabetes mellitus, Insulin resistance, Gonadal hormones, Reproductive endocrinology, Gastrointestinal hormones, Feeding behavior, Lifestyle disorders, Hormonal regulation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[151],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7748","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-endocrine-physiology-and-chemical-regulation-mechanisms-hormones-and-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7748","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7748"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7748\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7749,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7748\/revisions\/7749"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7748"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7748"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7748"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}