{"id":7886,"date":"2026-08-05T07:14:12","date_gmt":"2026-08-05T07:14:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/?p=7886"},"modified":"2026-08-05T07:14:18","modified_gmt":"2026-08-05T07:14:18","slug":"chapter-4-mycology-lichenology-and-mycorrhizae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/05\/chapter-4-mycology-lichenology-and-mycorrhizae\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 4: Mycology, Lichenology, and Mycorrhizae"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-right:20px;--awb-padding-left:20px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-font-size:16px;\"><p><strong>Author: <\/strong>Dr. Bhuneshwari Nayak)<br \/>\n<strong>Volume: <\/strong>01<br \/>\n<strong>First Online: <\/strong>2026<br \/>\n<strong>Pages: <\/strong>196-282<br \/>\n<strong>DOI:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-two\" style=\"--awb-text-color:var(--awb-color8);--awb-margin-top-small:10px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:10px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;--awb-font-size:20px;\"><h2 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left\" style=\"font-family:&quot;Roboto&quot;;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;margin:0;font-size:1em;\">Abstract<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator\" style=\"align-self: flex-start;margin-right:auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;max-width:8%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-custom_color_1);border-color:var(--awb-custom_color_1);border-top-width:3px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;--awb-font-size:16px;--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Roboto&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:400;\"><p>This unit provides a comprehensive understanding of fungi, covering their classification, morphology, physiology, reproduction, economic importance, mycorrhizae, and lichenology. It explains the general characteristics of fungi as eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms with chitinous cell walls and diverse modes of nutrition. The structural organization of fungi, including hyphae, mycelium, spores, and specialized somatic structures, is described in detail. Various systems of fungal classification and the morphology of molds and yeasts are discussed to understand fungal diversity. The unit also highlights asexual and sexual modes of reproduction, including different types of spores and reproductive structures. Furthermore, it emphasizes the beneficial roles of fungi in agriculture, medicine, food production, enzyme and organic acid synthesis, as well as their harmful effects as pathogens, food spoilage organisms, and producers of mycotoxins. Special emphasis is given to Mucor, including its taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, and reproductive mechanisms, providing a strong foundation in applied mycology.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[159],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-microbes-anthallophyta-diversity"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7886","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7886"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7886\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7887,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7886\/revisions\/7887"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7886"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7886"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sproutpublication.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7886"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}