Author: Ms. Urwashi Chandrakar
Volume: 01
First Online: 28 August 2025
Pages: 83-125
DOI:

Abstract

Endocrine System and Physiology I focus on the structure, function, and physiological significance of major endocrine glands involved in metabolism, growth, and homeostasis. The topic begins with the thyroid gland, describing its organization in mammals, biosynthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones, regulation of hormone secretion, and the physiological and metabolic roles of thyroxine. Disorders associated with thyroid dysfunction are also outlined. The parathyroid gland is discussed in relation to calcium and phosphate homeostasis, emphasizing mechanisms of calcium regulation essential for neuromuscular activity and skeletal integrity. The adrenal gland is examined in detail, including its organization, synthesis pathways and physiological roles of adrenal steroid hormones, and the renin–angiotensin system in blood pressure and fluid balance regulation. The adrenal medulla is
highlighted for catecholamine synthesis, secretion pathways, and mechanisms of action. Common disorders of the adrenal gland are also discussed, providing an integrated understanding of endocrine regulation in health and disease.
Keywords: Endocrine physiology, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid hormone, Calcium homeostasis, Adrenal gland, Steroid hormones, Catecholamines, Renin–angiotensin system, Metabolism, Endocrine disorders.