Author: Dr. Bhuneshwari Nayak)
Volume: 01
First Online: 2026
Pages: 196-282
DOI:

This unit provides a comprehensive understanding of fungi, covering their classification, morphology, physiology, reproduction, economic importance, mycorrhizae, and lichenology. It explains the general characteristics of fungi as eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms with chitinous cell walls and diverse modes of nutrition. The structural organization of fungi, including hyphae, mycelium, spores, and specialized somatic structures, is described in detail. Various systems of fungal classification and the morphology of molds and yeasts are discussed to understand fungal diversity. The unit also highlights asexual and sexual modes of reproduction, including different types of spores and reproductive structures. Furthermore, it emphasizes the beneficial roles of fungi in agriculture, medicine, food production, enzyme and organic acid synthesis, as well as their harmful effects as pathogens, food spoilage organisms, and producers of mycotoxins. Special emphasis is given to Mucor, including its taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, and reproductive mechanisms, providing a strong foundation in applied mycology.