Author:Dr. Jyoti Arya
Volume: 01
First Online: 2026
Pages:153-211
DOI: https://doi.org/10.63785/978-81-685195-3-4/04

Abstract

This chapter explains the structure, properties, and biological significance of nucleic acids, along with the molecular mechanisms involved in gene expression. It describes the chemical composition and double-helical structure of DNA, its different forms, and its role in storing and transmitting hereditary information. The chapter also discusses the structure and functions of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and regulatory RNAs involved in protein synthesis. The mechanisms of DNA replication,
transcription, and the genetic code are presented to explain the transfer of genetic information from DNA to proteins. Basic concepts of gene expression and its regulation are also introduced, emphasizing their importance in cellular differentiation and adaptation. Finally, the chapter highlights mutations, their types, causes, and biological significance in genetic variation, disease development, and evolution.